Can I schedule posts under specific blog categories with CB Goliath?

Yes. Here's an example:

Enter some "dog" keywords and check the "Dogs" blog category from the list of the available blog categories on the right (or, click the "+ Add New Category" button to create the new "Dogs" category). Click the blue "Schedule Posts" button.

You can then repeat the process with another set of keywords and another category. For example:

Enter some "cat" keywords and check the "Cats" blog category from the list of the available blog categories on the right (or, click the "+ Add New Category" button to create the new "Dogs" category). Click the blue "Schedule Posts" button.